OUR LEADER – DR. RADHAKRISHNAN

April 11, 2008 at 2:07 pm | In Cools Stuff, Education, Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, India's is the Best, On the Ground.That's me, Thoughts, Writing by Me | No Comments

LET’S KNOW OUR LEADER
DR. RADHAKRISHNAN

Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was born on 5 September, 1888 in Tirutani, a well-known religious center in the Madras State. He was the second son of Veera Samayya, a tehsildar in a zamindari. It was a middle-class, respectable Hindu Brahmin family. Indeed, the place, the time and the family were most suitable, from every point of view, for the advent of a new philosopher-statesman, so directly needed in those turbulent days of the awakening of a very ancient and glorious nation, drowsy and dormant in its own ignorance and indolence, for reasons well known to all.

The wonderful far-sightedness, open-heartedness and broad-mindedness of his revered and beloved parents, which enabled them, in those days of blind prejudices and equally blind social taboos, to send their son to wellknown, well-managed, well-disciplined Christian educational institutions - stood him in good stead throughout, making it possible for him to acquire specially Occidental qualities like a sense of duty, punctuality, discipline, sobriety and the like, together with specially Oriental qualities of religiosity, calmness, patience, faith in God and men.

Radhakrishnan’s choice of Philosophy as his main or Honors subject in his B.A. degree course was due to a very fortunate accident. At that time, he was really rather baffled as to what particular Honors subject to choose from amongst the possible five, viz., Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Philosophy and History. Then, purely accidentally, and out of a mere boyish curiosity, he read three well-known works on Philosophy, passed on to him by one of his cousins who had that year obtained the B.A. degree with Philosophy Honors; and that definitely decided his future course of studies.

He studied Sanskrit and Hindi also; and had a good deal of interest in the traditional languages of India. He read also the Vedas and the Upanishads with great care and reverence.

In fact, Radhakrishnan was, and is, still today, a reader and a digester in the true sense of the terms. For, what he read - and he read widely and lovingly all kinds of good books - did not remain an exter nal acquisition, an ornamental decoration, with him; but blossomed forth in him in fullest glory and grandeur.

Radhakrishnan was, and still is, one of the most celebrated writers of the present generation. His works are many and varied on philosophical, theological, ethical, educational, social and cultural subjects. He contributed also numerous articles to different well-known journals, which too, will prove to be of immense value to
generations to come.

But what is most felt after reading any of his valuable works or articles is its wonderful liveliness. Truly, his articles are not merely outer expressions of his inner thoughts, but, what is more, infinitely more, emblems and embodiments of his very life - life that merrily dances forth in the fortuitous, zigzag way of the world, removing all its obstacles in its own inner irresistible urge and boundless boldness. Hence, it is that his works, written in an incredibly simple, sublime, soft and serene way, are so very enchanting, enlivening, exhilarating to all. As a matter of fact, as is well known, it is very difficult to express very abstract and abstruse philosophical thoughts in easily intelligible and enchantingly sweet language. But Dr. Radhakrishnan, like the great and revered Rabindranath, is one of the few who could accomplish this apparently impossible feat. That is why his philosophical writings are not ordinary scholarly dissertations, but also melodious poetical perfections of great and permanent value.

Dr. Radhakrishnan is, indeed, a versatile genius - a great scholar, a great philosopher, a great seer, a great writer, a great orator, a great statesman, a great administrator, all combined.

Jawaharlal Nehru, who was one of his closest friends throughout, said about Radhakrishnan: “I join you in paying my tribute to our President, Dr. Radhakrishnan. He has served his country in many capacities. But above all, he is a great Teacher from whom all of us have learnt much and will continue to learn. It is India’s peculiar privilege to have a great philosopher, a great educationist and a great humanist as her President. That in itself shows the kind of men we honor and respect”.

The Greatest

April 11, 2008 at 1:56 pm | In Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, Humors, On the Ground.That's me, Thoughts, Writing by Me | No Comments

THE GREATEST . . .

The greatest puzzle : LIFE

The greatest thought : GOD

The greatest mystery : DEATH

The greatest mistake : GIVING UP

The greatest need : COMMON SENSE

The greatest invention of the devil : WAR

The greatest secret of production : SAVING WASTE

The greatest bore : ONE WHO KEEPS TALKING AFTER HE HAS MADE HIS POINT

The greatest comfort : THE KNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE DONE YOUR WORK WELL

The greatest sin : FEAR

The greatest blessing : GOOD HEALTH

The greatest law of nature : CAUSE AND EFFECT

The greatest gamble : SUBSTITUTING HOPE FOR FACT

The greatest joy : BEING NEEDED

The greatest opportunity : THE NEXT ONE

The greatest victory : VICTORY OVER YOURSELF

The greatest handicap : EGOTISM

The greatest loss : LOSS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE

The greatest waste : ALL THE TALENT & ABILITY THAT MOST OF US HAVE BUT NEVER QUITE GET AROUND TO USING

The greatest thing, bar none, in the world: LOVE

Guys

April 11, 2008 at 1:48 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, Humors, Thoughts, Writing by Me | No Comments

1. Guys don’t actually luk after gud-luking girls. They prefer neat & presentable girls.

2. Guys hate flirts.

3. A guy can like you for a minute, & thn 4get u afterwards.

4. When a guy says he doesn’t understand you, it simply means you’re not thinking da way he is.

5. “Are u doing something?” or “Have u eaten already?” are da 1st usual questions a guy asks on the phone just to get out from stammering.

6. Guys may be flirting around all day but before they go to sleep, they always think abt da girl they truly care about.

7. When a guy really likes you, he’ll disregard all u’r bad characteristics.

8. Guys go crazy over a girl’s smile.

9. Guys will do anything just to get da girl’s attention.

10. Guys hate it when you talk about u’r ex-boyfriend.

11. When guys want 2 meet your parents. Let them.

12. Guys want 2 tell you many things but they can’t, & they sure have 1 habit 2 gain courage & spirit to tell you many things and it is drinking!

13. Guys cry!!!

14. Don’t provoke da guy 2 heat up. Believe me. He will.

15. Guys can never dream & hope 2o much.

16. Guys usually try hard 2 get the girl who has dumped them, & this makes it harder 4 them 2 accept their defeat.

17. When u touch a guy’s heart, there’s no turning back.

18. Giving a guy a hanging message like “You know what?!..uh…never mind!”
would make him jump to a conclusion that is far from what you are thinking.

19. Guys go crazy when girls touch their hands.

20. Guys are good flatterers when courting but they usually stammer when they
talk 2 a girl they really like.

21. When a guy makes a prolonged “umm” or makes any excuses when u’re asking him 2 do u a favor, he’s actually saying tht he doesn’t like u & he can’t lay down da card 4 u.

22. When a girl says “no”, a guy hears it as “try again tomorrow.”

23. U have 2 tell a guy what u really want before he gets da message clearly.

24. Guys hate gays!

25. Guys love their moms.

26. A guy would sacrifice his money for lunch just to get you a couple of roses.

27. A guy often thinks about da girl who likes him. But this doesn’t mean tht da guy likes her.

28 You can never understand him unless you listen 2 him.

29. If a guy tells u he loves u once in a lifetime. He does.

30. Beware. Guys can make gossips scatter through half of da face of the earth faster than girls can.

31. Like Eve, girls are guys’ weaknesses.

32. Guys are very open about themselves.

33. It’s good 2 test a guy 1st before u believe him. But don’t let him wait tht long.

34. No guy is bad when he is courting

35. Guys hate it when their clothes get dirty. Even a small dot.

36. Guys really admire girls tht they like even if they’re not that much pretty.

37. Your best frnd, whom u’r boyfriend seeks help frm about his problems with u may end up being admired by your boyfriend.

38. If a guy tells u about his problems, he just needs someone 2 listen 2 him. U don’t need 2 give advice.

39. A usual act tht proves tht da guy likes you is when he teases you.

40. A guy finds ways 2 keep you off from linking with someone else.

41. Guys love girls with brains more than girls in miniskirts.

42. Guys try 2 find da stuffed toy a girl wants but would unluckily get da wrong one.

43. Guys virtually brag about anything.

44. Guys cannot keep secrets that girls tell them.

45. Guys think too much.

46. Guys’ fantasies are unlimited.

47. Girls’ height doesn’t really matter to a guy but her weight does!

48. Guys tend 2 get serious with their relationship & become 2o possessive. So watch out girls!!!

49. When a girl makes da boy suffer during courtship, it would be hard 4 him 2 let go of tht girl.

50. It’s not easy for a guy 2 let go of his girlfriend after they broke up especially when they’ve been together for 3 years or more.

51. You have 2 tell a guy wht u really want before getting involved with tht guy.

52. A guy has 2 experience rejection, because if he’s 2o-good-never-been-busted, never been in love and hurt, he won’t be matured and grow up.

53. When an unlikable circumstance comes, guys blame themselves a lot more than girls do. They could even hurt themselves physically.

54. Guys have strong passion to change but have weak will power.

55. Guys are tigers in their peer groups but become tamed pussycats with their
girlfriends.

56. When a guy pretends to be calm, check if he’s sweating. You’ll probably see tht he is nervous.

57. When a guy says he is going crazy about the girl. He really is.

58. When a guy asks u 2 leave him alone, he’s just actually saying, “Please come & listen 2 me”

59. Guys don’t really have final decisions.

60. When a guy loves you, bring out da best in him.

61. If a guy starts to talk seriously, listen 2 him.

62. If a guy has been kept shut or silent, say something.

63. Guys believe tht there’s no such thing as love at first sight, but court da girls anyway & then realize at da end tht he is wrong.

64. Guys like femininity not feebleness.

65. Guys don’t like girls who punch harder than they do.

66. A guy may instantly know if da girl likes him but can never be sure unless da girl tells him.

67. A guy would waste his time over video games & basketball, da way a girl would do over her romance novels & make-ups.

68. Guys love girls who can cook or bake.

69. Guys like girls who are like their moms. No kidding!

70. A guy has more problems than you can see with your naked eyes.

71. A guy’s friend knows everything about him. Use this to your advantage..

72. Don’t be a snob. Guys may easily give up on the first sign of rejection.

73. Don’t be biased. Try loving a guy without prejudice and you’ll be surprised.

74. Girls who bathe in their eau de perfumes do more repelling than attracting
guys.

75. Guys are more talkative than girls are especially when the topic is about
girls.

76. Guys don’t comprehend the statement “Get lost” 2o well.

77. Guys really think tht girls are strange & have unpredictable decisions but still love them more.

78. When a guy gives a crooked or pretentious grin at your jokes, he finds them
offending and he just tried to be polite.

79. Guys don’t care about how shiny their shoes are unlike girls.

80. Guys tend 2 generalize about girls but once thy get 2 know them, they’ll realize they’re wrong.

81. Any guy can handle his problems all by his own. He’s just 2o stubborn 2 deal with it.

82. Guys find it so objectionable when a girl swears.

83. Guys’ weakest point is at the knee.

84. When a problem arises, a guy usually keeps himself cool but he is already
thinking of a way out.

85. When a guy is conscious of his looks, it shows he is not good at fixing
things.

86. When a guy looks at u, either he’s amazed of u or he’s criticizing u.

87. When u catch him cheating on u and he asks for a second chance, give it 2 him. But when u catch him again & he asks for another chance, ignore him.

88. If a guy lets u go, he really loves u.

89. If u have a boyfriend, & u’r boy best friend always glances at u & it obviously shows tht he is jealous whenever you’re with ur boyfriend, all I can say is ur boy best friend loves u more than u’r boyfriend does.

90. Guys learn from experience not from da romance books that girls read & take as their basis of experience.

91. U can tell if a guy is really hurt or in pain when he cries in front of you!

92. If a guy suddenly asks you for a date, ask him first why.

93. When a guy says he can’t sleep if he doesn’t hear u’r voice even just 4 1 night, hang up. He also tells tht 2 another girl. He only flatters u & sometimes makes fun of you.

94. You can truly say tht a guy has good intentions if u see him praying sometimes.

95. Guys seek for advice not from a guy but from a girl.

96. Girls are allowed to touch boys’ clothes, and things. Not their hair!

97. If a guy says you’re beautiful, that guy likes you.

98. Guys hate girls who overreact.

99. Guys love you more than you love them if they are serious in your relationships

100. ——???? 100th point you should find out

“One day I decided to quit…….”

April 11, 2008 at 1:22 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, Humors, On the Ground.That's me, Short Stories, Thoughts, Writing by Me | No Comments

One day I decided to quit…I quit my job, my relationship, my Spirituality… I wanted to quit my life.

I went to the woods to have one last talk with God. God, I said. Can you give me one good reason not to quit His answer surprised me…
Look around, He said. Do you see the fern and the bamboo
Yes, I replied.

When I planted the fern and the bamboo seeds, I took very good care of them.
I gave them light. I gave them water. The fern quickly grew from the earth.

Its brilliant green covered the floor. Yet nothing came from the bamboo seed. But I did not quit on the bamboo. In the second year the Fern grew more vibrant and plentiful. And again, nothing came from the bamboo seed.

But I did not quit on the bamboo. He said.

In year three there was still nothing from the bamboo seed. But I would not quit. In year four, again, there was nothing from the bamboo seed. I would not quit. He said.

Then in the fifth year a tiny sprout emerged from the earth. Compared to the fern it was seemingly small and insignificant…But just 6 months later the bamboo rose to over 100 feet tall. It had spent the five years growing
roots. Those roots made it strong and gave it what it needed to survive. I would not give any of my creations a challenge it could not handle. He said to me.

Did you know, my child, that all this time you have been struggling, you have actually been growing roots
I would not quit on the bamboo. I will never quit on you.

Don’t compare yourself to others. He said. The bamboo had a different purpose than the fern. Yet they both make the forest beautiful.

Your time will come, God said to me. You will rise high

How high should I rise I asked.

How high will the bamboo rise He asked in return.

As high as it can I questioned

Yes. He said, Give me glory by rising as high as you can.

I left the forest and bring back this story. I hope these words can help you see that God will never give up on you.

He will never give up on you!

Awesome! BOMBAY (Mumbai)

April 11, 2008 at 1:13 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, Thoughts, Uncategorized | No Comments

Awesome! B_O_M_B_A_Y

Bombay has no bombs and is a harbour not a bay.

Churchgate has neither a church nor a gate. It is a railway station.

There is no darkness in Andheri.

Lalbaag is neither red nor a garden.

No king ever stayed at Kings Circle .

Nor did Queen Victoria stay at Victoria Terminus.

Nor is there any princess at Princess Street .

Lower Parel is at the same level as Parel

There are no marines or sailors at Marine Lines.

The Mahalaxmi temple is at Haji Ali not at Mahalaxmi.

There are no pigs traded at Dukar bazaar.

Teen bati is a junction of 3 roads, not three lamps.

Trams used to terminate at Kings circle not Dadar* Tram Terminus (Dadar T.T.).

Breach Candy is not a sweetmeat market, but there is a Hospital.

Safed Pool has the dirtiest and blackest water.

You cannot buy coal at Kolsa street.

There are no Iron smiths at Lohar chawl.

There are no pot makers at Kumbhar wada.

Lokhandwala complex is not an Iron and steel market.

Null bazaar does not sell taps.

You will not find ladyfingers at Bheendi Bazaar.

Kalachowki does not have a black Police station.

Hanging Gardens are not suspended.

Mirchi Gully does not sell chillies.

Figs do not grow in Anjir Wadi.

Sitafals do not grow in Sitafal Wadi,

Jackfruits do not grow at Fanaswadi.

But it is true that you may get fleeced at Chor Bazaar!

What is Diamond???

April 11, 2008 at 1:08 pm | In Cools Stuff, Education, Facts (Plz comment) | No Comments

The word diamond comes from the Greek word “Adams”, meaning “unconquerable”. Ancient Greeks believed that diamond were splinters of stars fallen to earth and that Cupid’s arrows were tipped with diamonds which have magic that nothing else can quite equal.

Since the very beginning, diamonds have been linked to legend and romance. Their sparkle, their uniqueness, their indestructibility makes them the eternal symbol of love the ultimate seal on the promise of marriage.

The exact origin of diamond is still a mystery. Diamonds were born in the fiery depths of the earth more than 3 million years ago. Diamond is a transparent jewel made of carbon. The formation of diamonds began very early in the earth’s history, when the condensation of solid matter into a sphere caused the centre of the planet to become subjected to incredible extremes of temperatures and pressure.

It was these conditions that caused deposits of carbon to begin to crystallize deep in the earth. As the earth’s surface cooled, volcanic activities forced streams of magna (liquid rock) to the surface, carrying with it the diamond crystals.

Diamonds are the hardest, the most imperishable, and the brilliant of all precious stones. The atomic structure of a diamond gives it the property of being the hardest substance known to man, natural or synthetic. Even after many years of constant wear, diamonds will preserve their sharp edges and corners when most other stones will have become worn and chipped.

However, many people expect a diamond to be unbreakable. This is not true. A diamond’s crystal structure has “hard” and “soft” direction. A blow of sufficient force, in a very exact direction, can crack, chip, split or even shatter diamond.

Diamonds are forever. A diamond is the ultimate symbol of love and the best compliment that a man can pay to a woman. A symbol of engagement, hope, faith, commitment, diamonds express feelings about yourself or for someone close to your heart. A sign of wealth, diamonds will give you a special pride of ownership. It is silent compliment of love and success.

Diamond epitomize value and they are lifelong reminders of love and attachment. And having sealed a bond for one generation, they can be passed unblemished to the next. A true link between the past and future for eternity.

First women governor of india

April 11, 2008 at 1:07 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment), India's is the Best | No Comments

Sarojini Naidu was born as the eldest daughter of a scientist-philosopher father, Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, and mother Varasundari, who was a Bengali Poetess, on 13 February, 1879. Her father was a pioneer in education, a linguist and an original thinker. He established the Nizam’s college in Hyderabad in 1878, pioneering English and women’s education. She was bought up in a house of intellectuals, poets, philosophers and revolutionaries. She claims that she was bought up in a home of Indians, not Hindus or Brahmins.

She passed Matriculation at the age of 12, and came out first in Madras Presidency. Young Sarojini was a very bright girl. Her father wanted her to become a mathematician or a scientist. But she loved poetry from a very early age. With her father’s support, she wrote a play called “Maher Muneer” in the Persian language. The Nawab of Hyderabad reading a copy of it sent by Sarojini’s father was impressed by the beautiful play written by the young girl. The college gave her a scholarship to study abroad. At the age of 16, she got admitted to King’s College of England.

At the age of 15, she met Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu and fell in love with him. He was from South India. After finishing her studies at the age of 19, she married him during the time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed. Her marriage was a very happy one. They were married by the Brahmo Marriage Act (1872), in Madras in 1898. They had four children. Their house in Hyderabad is the renowned Golden Threshold.

In 1916, she met Mahatma Gandhi and from then on she totally contributed herself to the fight for freedom. The independence of India became the heart and soul of her work. She was responsible for awakening the women of India. She re-established self-esteem within the women of India. In Hyderabad she was awarded the Kaiser-I-Hind Gold Medal for her outstanding work during the plague epidemic. In 1925, she became the Chairperson to the summit of congress in Kanpur. She went to USA in 1928 with the message of the non-violence. In 1929 she presided over the East Africa Indian Congress in Mombassa, and gave lectures all over South East Africa. In 1942, she was arrested during the “Quit India” protest and stayed in jail for 21 months with Gandhiji.

Sarojini Naidu is also well acclaimed for her contribution in poetry. Her poetry had beautiful words that could also be sung. Her collection of poems was published in 1905 under the title “Golden Threshold”. She published two other collections called “The Bird of Time”, and “The Broken Wings”. Later, “The Magic Tree”, “The Wizard Mask”, and “A Treasury of Poems” were published. Mahashree Arvind, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Rabindranath Tagore were among the thousands of admirers of her work. Gopala Krishna Gokhle advised her to use her poetry and her beautiful words to rejuvenate the spirit of independence in the hearts of villagers and also asked her to use her talent to free Mother India.

After Independence, she became the Governor of Uttar Pradesh. As the first women governor of the largest state of the union, she brought beauty, and grace to public life. She was a woman of a great country, with such a great heritage in which great women were born. Their purity, courage, determination, and self-confidence were the foundation of her own character and personality.

On March 2 1949, she took her last breath and India lost her beloved child, “Bulbul”. She died in her office at Lucknow at the age of seventy. Nevertheless, her name will be in the Golden history of India as an inspiring poet and a brave freedom fighter. Sarojini Devi was a great patriot, politician, orator, and administrator. She was a life-long freedom fighter, social worker, ideal house wife, and poet. She was truly one of the jewels of the world. Being one of the most famous heroines of the 20th century, her birthday is celebrated as “Women’s Day”.

The Most….

April 11, 2008 at 12:54 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment), Friendsssssssss, On the Ground.That's me, Thoughts, Writing by Me | No Comments
The most selfish 1 letter

“I”
 

Avoid It.

Most Satisfactory 2 letters

 

 

 

 

 

“RUMOUR”Ignore It.

Hard Working 7 letters

“SUCCESS”Achieve It.

Most Enviable 8 letters


“JEALOUSY”
Distance It.

Most Essential 9 letters


“PRINCIPLE”
Have It.

Most Divine 10 Letters

“FRIENDSHIP”
Maintain It

 

 

 

 

 


“WE”
Use It.

Most Poisonous 3 letters

“EGO”Kill It.

Most used 4 letters


“LOVE”
Value It.

Most Pleasing 5 letters


“SMILE”
Keep It.

Fastest Spreading 6 letters

COUNTRY and CAPITAL - Capitals of all Countries in the world

April 10, 2008 at 1:57 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment) | No Comments

Afghanistan - Kabul
Albania - Tirane
Algeria - Algiers
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Angola - Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda - Saint John’s
Argentina - Buenos Aires
Armenia - Yerevan
Australia - Canberra
Austria - Vienna
Azerbaijan - Baku
The Bahamas - Nassau
Bahrain - Manama
Bangladesh - Dhaka
Barbados - Bridgetown
Belarus - Minsk
Belgium - Brussels
Belize - Belmopan
Benin - Porto-Novo
Bhutan - Thimphu
Bolivia - La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
Botswana - Gaborone
Brazil - Brasilia
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria - Sofia
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou
Burundi - Bujumbura
Cambodia - Phnom Penh
Cameroon - Yaounde
Canada - Ottawa
Cape Verde - Praia
Central African Republic - Bangui
Chad - N’Djamena
Chile - Santiago
China - Beijing
Colombia - Bogota
Comoros - Moroni
Congo, Republic of the - Brazzaville
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Kinshasa
Costa Rica - San Jose
Cote d’Ivoire - Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)
Croatia - Zagreb
Cuba - Havana
Cyprus - Nicosia
Czech Republic - Prague
Denmark - Copenhagen
Djibouti - Djibouti
Dominica - Roseau
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo
East Timor - Dili
Ecuador - Quito
Egypt - Cairo
El Salvador - San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo
Eritrea - Asmara
Estonia - Tallinn
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa
Fiji - Suva
Finland - Helsinki
France - Paris
Gabon - Libreville
The Gambia - Banjul
Georgia - Tbilisi
Germany - Berlin
Ghana - Accra
Greece - Athens
Grenada - Saint George’s
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Guinea - Conakry
Guinea-Bissau - Bissau
Guyana - Georgetown
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Hungary - Budapest
Iceland - Reykjavik
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Iran - Tehran
Iraq - Baghdad
Ireland - Dublin
Israel - Jerusalem
Italy - Rome
Jamaica - Kingston
Japan - Tokyo
Jordan - Amman
Kazakhstan - Astana
Kenya - Nairobi
Kiribati - Tarawa Atoll
Korea, North - Pyongyang
Korea, South - Seoul
Kuwait - Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Latvia - Riga
Lebanon - Beirut
Lesotho - Maseru
Liberia - Monrovia
Libya - Tripoli
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Lithuania - Vilnius
Luxembourg - Luxembourg
Macedonia - Skopje
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Malawi - Lilongwe
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
Maldives - Male
Mali - Bamako
Malta - Valletta
Marshall Islands - Majuro
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Mauritius - Port Louis
Mexico - Mexico City
Federated States of Micronesia - Palikir
Moldova - Chisinau
Monaco - Monaco
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro - Podgorica
Morocco - Rabat
Mozambique - Maputo
Myanmar (Burma) - Rangoon (Yangon); Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)
Namibia - Windhoek
Nauru - no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal - Kathmandu
Netherlands - Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of government)
New Zealand - Wellington
Nicaragua - Managua
Niger - Niamey
Nigeria - Abuja
Norway - Oslo
Oman - Muscat
Pakistan - Islamabad
Palau - Melekeok
Panama - Panama City
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby
Paraguay - Asuncion
Peru - Lima
Philippines - Manila
Poland - Warsaw
Portugal - Lisbon
Qatar - Doha
Romania - Bucharest
Russia - Moscow
Rwanda - Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre
Saint Lucia - Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Kingstown
Samoa - Apia
San Marino - San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
Senegal - Dakar
Serbia - Belgrade
Seychelles - Victoria
Sierra Leone - Freetown
Singapore - Singapore
Slovakia - Bratislava
Slovenia - Ljubljana
Solomon Islands - Honiara
Somalia - Mogadishu
South Africa - Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
Spain - Madrid
Sri Lanka - Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)
Sudan - Khartoum
Suriname - Paramaribo
Swaziland - Mbabana
Sweden - Stockholm
Switzerland - Bern
Syria - Damascus
Taiwan - Taipei
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Tanzania - Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)
Thailand - Bangkok
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Taj Mahal, Agra, India - the most beautiful masterpieces of architecture in the world

April 10, 2008 at 1:54 pm | In Cools Stuff, Facts (Plz comment) | No Comments

Located at the city of Agra in the State of Uttar Pradesh, the Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful masterpieces of architecture in the world. Agra, situated about 200 km south of New Delhi, was the Capital of the Mughals (Moguls), the Muslim Emperors who ruled Northern India between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Mughals were the descendents of two of the most skilled warriors in history: the Turks and the Mongols. The Mughal dynasty reached its highest strength and fame during the reign of their early Emperors, Akbar, Jehangir, and Shah Jehan.

It was Shah Jehan who ordered the building of the Taj, in honor of his wife, Arjumand Banu who later became known as Mumtaz Mahal, the Distinguished of the Palace. Mumtaz and Shah Jehan were married in 1612 and, over the next 18 years, had 14 children together. The Empress used to accompany her husband in his military campaigns, and it was in 1630, in Burhanpur, that she gave birth to her last child, for she died in childbirth. So great was the Emperor love to his wife that he ordered the building of the most beautiful mausoleum on Earth for her.

Although it is not known for sure who planned the Taj, the name of an Indian architect of Persian descent, Ustad Ahmad Lahori, has been cited in many sources. As soon as construction began in 1630, masons, craftsmen, sculptors, and calligraphers were summoned from Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe to work on the masterpiece. The site was chosen near the Capital, Agra on the southwest bank of the River Yamuna. The architectural complex is comprised of five main elements: the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khana or rest house, and the Rauza or the Taj Mahal mausoleum. The actual Tomb is situated inside the Taj.

The unique mughal style combines elements of Persian, Central Asian, and Islamic architecture. Most impressive are the black and white chessboard marble floor, the four tall minarets (40 m high) at the corners of the structure, and the majestic dome in the middle. On closer look, the lettering of the Quran verses around the archways appears to be uniform, regardless of their height. The lettering spacing and density has been customized to give this impression to the beholder. Other illusionary effects have been accounted for in the geometry of the tomb and the tall minarets. The impressive pietra dura artwork includes geometric elements, plants and flowers, mostly common in Islamic architecture. The level of sophistication in artwork becomes obvious when one realizes that a 3 cm decorative element contains more than 50 inlaid gemstones.

 

 

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